Parasagittal Meningioma Essay Example

Parasagittal Meningioma Paper Nursing Management 1 PARASAGITTAL MENINGIOMA Nursing the board of a patient with Parasagittal Meningioma Nursing Management 2 Nursing the executives of patient with PARASAGITTAL MENINGIOMA P. An a 41 years of age male was brought to the medical clinic because of the central grievance of cerebral pain and unsteadiness. During the meeting, the patient expressed that 2 days preceding confirmation, he was having a serious cerebral pain related with obscuring of vision and dazedness. He took paracetamol which gave transitory alleviation with no interview done. He was incited to look for clinical consideration on March 23, 2011 because of tenacious cerebral pain. He experienced MRI examine and uncovered that the left piece of his mind have a tumor that can lead him to be determined to have different signs and side effects of having a Parasagittal Meningioma. As per Dienpenbrock (2004), Meningiomas are moderate developing and regularly happen in moderately aged grown-ups. The standard treatment is medical procedure with the total evacuation or fractional analyzation. Nursing the board should concentrate on the treatment and forestalling the impact of expanded intracranial weight or ICP by shut observing essential signs, and engine capacities ought to likewise be checked on the grounds that particular engine deficiencies may happen contingent upon the tumor’s area. Pathophysiology Parasagittal meningiomas structure close the falx, a section that runs along the cerebrum fromfront to back, as per clinical specialists at the Brigham and Womens Hospital. Meningiomas may happen intracranially or inside the spinal trench. They are thought to emerge from arachnoidal top cells, which live in the arachnoid layer covering the outside of the mind. Meningiomas generally are found at the outside of the mind, either over the convexity or at the skull base. In uncommon cases, meningiomas happen in an intraventricular or intraosseous area. The issue of grouping meningioma is that arachnoidal cells may communicate both mesenchymal and epithelial qualities. Other mesodermal structures likewise may offer ascent to comparative tumors (eg, hemangiopericytomas or sarcomas). The order of these tumors together is questionable. Nursing Management 3 The current pattern is to isolate unequivocal meningiomas from different less all around characterized neoplasms. Without a doubt, propels in sub-atomic science will permit researchers to decide the specific genomic variation liable for every particular neoplasm. We will compose a custom article test on Parasagittal Meningioma explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Parasagittal Meningioma explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Parasagittal Meningioma explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Parasagittal meningioma causes side effects like: Headache that is because of the expansion the ordinary weight levels inside the mind. The seriousness of cerebral pain torment can go from mellow to extreme and can restrict inside any locale of the head. Leg shortcoming can likewise happen. Ordinarily, a meningioma that structures on the left half of the falx causes right leg shortcoming, while a meningioma that structures on the correct side of the falx causes left leg shortcoming, clarify clinical specialists with the Merck Manual. In specific cases, vibes of shortcoming can influence the two legs and can encounter trouble standing or strolling ordinarily. Vision Problems is additionally present due to expanded weight inside the cerebrum it can influence the optic or eye nerve. On the off chance that the optic nerve is harmed or squeezed, the person can create vision issues as an indication of this condition, report wellbeing specialists with the Mayfield Clinic. Influenced individuals can encounter obscured or shady vision, which may add to cerebral pain indications or impressions of unsteadiness. Psychological brokenness or Personality Changes may influence individuals as expressed by experts with the Brain Science Foundation. An individual who is ordinarily tranquil or held can abruptly get loquacious and friendly. Then again, social individuals may show up unexpectedly pulled back or discouraged. A portion of these are signs and side effects showed by P. A. that can lead him to be analyzed to have Parasagittal meningioma. Nursing Management 4 History P. A. , a 41 years of age male was grumbling of cerebral pain and a few scenes of dazedness. He was conceded and analyzed to have Parasagital Meningioma. As per him, it was his third an ideal opportunity to be hospitalized. He expressed that he had no past disease, medical procedures and drug treatment. The patient doesn't have any history of any sicknesses, for example, hypertension, diabetes ellitus, coronary illness and lung ailment. He is having a hypersensitivity with fish and doesn’t have any sensitivities to drugs. He’s staying away from to eat pork as a result of his religion Islam. Nursing Physical Assessment P. An is cognizant caution and intelligible. The patient fundamental signs were as per the following: internal heat l evel 37. 5 degree Celsius, beat rate 81bpm, circulatory strain 120/70 mmHg, respiratory rate 17cpm. The customer voice was delicate and talks entirely moderate. He gave off an impression of being handicapped. We got some information about his sentiments. He was very passionate about his circumstance. He is having cerebral pain and furthermore expressed the he was encountering torment at the degree of 8. This was connected from the medical procedure he had which can likewise cause him increment intracranial weight. The patient had an obvious bend to his left side parietal head. Furthermore, that was from the ongoing medical procedure he had. The patient can't move his correct arm, presumably because of the left influenced piece of the mind that would cause not many or complex incapacity on his correct side of the equator. The patient’s lower limits especially his legs are very thin and extremely frail. He couldn't walk and presently utilizing a wheelchair and help from his kin. He had some injury marks and furthermore has a few shot blemishes on his upper and lower right leg. He seemed to have some shortcoming. The patient didn't have any intravenous line, and he is as of now wearing eyeglasses because of his vision issues which were brought about by his mind condition. He said that the torment was continued for a few days. Nursing Management 5 Related Treatments According to Mayfield facility a parasagittal meningioma can build the typical weight levels inside the mind. This weight height can cause cerebral pain manifestations in individuals with this condition. Urge the patient to verbalize his sentiments. Observing of patient’s torment is significant along with sufficient bed rest and legitimate medication consistence to diminish migraine, drugs: (Celecoxib) TID. Something else is that, a meningioma that structures on the left half of the falx causes right leg shortcoming, while a meningioma that structures on the correct side of the falx causes left leg shortcoming, clarify clinical specialists with the Merck Manual. Hence wellbeing is the need for the patient, appropriate help, scope of movement work out, non-intrusive treatment, satisfactory nourishment and medication consistence, Rest between exercises gives time to vitality preservation and recuperation. On the off chance that the optic nerve is harmed or squeezed, individuals with a parasagittal meningioma can create vision issues as an indication of this condition, report wellbeing specialists with the Mayfield Clinic. Therefore, wearing eyeglasses will assist with improving the patient’s visual issues identified with his condition. Parasagittal meningiomas that create close to the front bit of the falx can prompt noteworthy cerebrum brokenness in influenced individuals, caution clinical experts with the Brain Science Foundation. Individuals with this condition can encounter unordinary memory misfortune or can experience issues with consistent dynamic, drugs: (Nurocer. , Adjunct in the treatment of myoclonus of cortical beginning; dementia ; different scatters/states w/c incorporate liquor addiction, vertigo, cerebrovascular mishaps, social issue. Depakote, valproates 5-15 mg/kg/day), for this circumstance understanding the patient’s circumstance with legitimate medication consistence to treat these side effects, and an attendant patient relationship is likewise a significant autonomous helpful methodology for this. Must organized security and intently observing the patient manifestations is an absolute necessity to guarantee that the patient is reacting great to the medicines. Nursing Management 6 Nursing Care Plan Based on what Hickey (2003) have stated, one of the difficulty that might be forestalled is cerebral pain. So P. A’s nursing analysis is ceaseless torment identified with cerebrum injury as confirm by verbal reports, guarding conduct and constrained scope of movement. A portion of the appraisal that proposes that the patient was having constant torment was bewilderment, expanding touchiness and facial frowning when palpitated. His essential signs were as per the following: internal heat level 37. 5 degree Celsius, beat rate 81bpm, circulatory strain 120/70 mmHg, respiratory rate. The objective is to alleviate the torment from torment size of 8 to 3 and to diminish the facial scowling. The nursing intercessions for P. A’s nursing finding were as per the following: First is to set up affinity to pick up the patient’s trust. Next is to perform thorough evaluation of agony (area, term, beginning, force). These survey the torment felt by the patient. Next is to evaluate crucial signs, taking note of hypertension, fast heartbeat and increment in internal heat level. Physical signs and protests related with incessant agony ought to likewise be noted. Direct drugs as requested by the doctor. Give understanding wellbeing showing, for example, having a bed rest and urged to remain on non-animating condition to diminish or reduce the agony that triggers him. During the nursing intercessions the patient is responsive and attempted his absolute best to assist him with feeling increasingly great. Nursing Management 7 Recommendations In request for P. A to proceed with his recuperation and improve his condition of prosperity, he should hold fast to all the requests made by his doctor. He should likewise figure out how to

Job Description and Recruiting Strategies Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Expected set of responsibilities and Recruiting Strategies Worksheet Essay Lead a meeting with somebody who has a vocation or occupation position that is not quite the same as your own. Distinguish the obligations related with their situation, just as any aptitudes and capacities important for the position. Utilize the data assembled in the meeting, just as the Week 3 readings, to finish the accompanying worksheet. Answer each question in passage position. Occupation ANALYSIS 1. What are the obligations and occupation duties related with the position held by the individual you met? The duties regarding a Project Manager: Attempt the executives obligations regarding a few or all parts of the structure and development of new development or repair ventures Obtain every single fundamental privilege Plans and details. Following, and appropriation. Plan check and allows. Following courses of events, and pulling licenses Plan survey and offering Office groundwork for the beginning of development Place of work groundwork for the beginning of development Subcontracting. Plan agreements, changes and augmentations to legally binding concurrences with experts, providers, and subcontractors. Development financial plans and courses of events Get ready and submit spending assessments, progress, and cost following reports. Actualize quality control programs Take activities to manage the aftereffects of postponements, terrible climate, or crises at building site. Place of work retirement. Last spending compromise and close out with bookkeeping. After activity arrangements. Coordination with Property Management, either GLB or building proprietor. 2. What are the sorts of information, aptitudes, and capacities that are expected to effectively achieve the activity obligations? 1. Bachelor’s qualification in Architecture, Engineering, Construction Management, or related field; 2. Proficient permit/enrollment/confirmation liked; 3. Building and Construction information on materials, techniques, and the devices engaged with the development of a structure or different structures 4. Involvement with arranging and composing contracts for plan experts and temporary workers 5. Shown information on appropriate laws and guidelines administering natural and development allowing; and 6. Shown information on OSHPD (in California) strategies and necessities for assignments to ventures under OSHPD ward. 7. Exceptional composed and verbal correspondences aptitudes including the capacity to build up objectives, set clear desires, organize exercises, and finish to extend consummation. 8. Solid thoughtfulness regarding detail.â 9. Capacity to gauge business and specialized necessities to deliver venture plans and gauges. 10. Solid association, time the board, and per forming various tasks aptitudes. 11. Solid comprehension of all parts of corporate programming advancement; solid customer, server, database, and detailing aptitudes. 3. Does the position require any physical errands? Assuming this is the case, portray the physical undertakings and express their recurrence. Is there any extra data about the activity that would be useful to remember for the set of working responsibilities? The general idea of the position is deskbound in nature requiring minimal physical exertion and incidental light physical effort. There is periodic presentation to natural conditions, for example, heat, cold, temperature changes, modern commotion, and development dangers normally joined by business travel and visits to building destinations. The consistent physical requests of the position are talking and hearing. The successive physical requests of the position are sitting, standing and strolling. The incidental physical requests of the position are conveying, pushing, pulling, taking care of, monotonous movements, and eye/hand/foot coordination Set of working responsibilities Form a 350-to 500-word set of working responsibilities dependent on the information gained in your meeting. The Project Manager position will be answerable for driving the plan manufacture group during the time spent structure, allowing and development of all development ventures allocated as your duty. This position will be answerable for arranging, coordinating, organizing, or potentially planning exercises worried about the development of offices. This position will likewise take an interest in the calculated advancement of a development extend and direct its association, planning, privilege and execution. This position requires vital and expository deduction aptitudes just as tender loving care. Selecting Strategies 1. What are three selecting procedures that could be utilized to enroll for this activity position? a. Inside through advancement or move b. Web c. News paper 2. In 350-to 500-words, thoroughly analyze the enrolling systems you have picked. Which selecting technique would you use to enlist for this position? Why? Acquiring and holding top notch representatives is basic to an organization’s achievement. As the business advertise turns out to be progressively serious and the accessible aptitudes develop increasingly assorted, organizations should be increasingly specific in their enrolling decisions. I chose three alternatives to investigate: Inward enrolling: This enlisting procedure can be great as the worker will have history of the association and the preparation can be insignificant. It additionally constructs assurance inside the association as you are giving representatives the open door for profession development. Enrolling inside can likewise be less expensive than going outside to select. The destruction for selecting inside is that is doesn't generally create the number or quality ofâ personnel required. It can likewise be negative since you are not accepting new outside thoughts. Another destruction is that you may cause contentions between representatives. Outer sources, for example, the web and paper will give more prominent introduction. Publicizing in broad daylight sources gives the chance to progressively qualified individuals to go after the job. The defeat is that it very well may be increasingly costly to promote. For the undertaking administrator position, I would publicize the situation in outer sources, for example, the web. Since it is such a significant job and has such huge numbers of obligations, you need to get as much introduction to guarantee a certified person.

Blog Archive MBA Career News Conducting Marketplace Research on Your Career Goals

Blog Archive MBA Career News Conducting Marketplace Research on Your Career Goals In this new blog series, our mbaMission Career Coaches offer invaluable advice and industry-related news to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. To schedule a free half-hour consultation with one of our mbaMission Career Coaches, click here. Once you have identified your target industry and function, how do you know if you are a feasible candidate? Consider taking the following actions: Read job descriptions of positions posted on your target companies’ Web sites. Write down themes of sought-after qualifications (e.g., experiences, skills, attributes). Review the LinkedIn profiles of people who are working in your target roles. Look at their experience section for information on where they worked before their current role (e.g., industry, function, and company) as well as at their skills section. Conduct research on companies’ hiring processes/needs, culture, and compensation. Check out news stories and social media postings. Talk to people in your target roles. Set up networking conversations, and seek advice as someone who is looking to make a transition into their role or industry. In addition, we suggest you start reading relevant industry trade publications to learn about the major trends and players in the industry. Many of these trade publications have robust Web sites and produce daily or weekly emails to which you can subscribe. The following list features a few ideas by industry sector: Technology: TechCrunch (www.techcrunch.com), Silicon Valley Business Insider (www.businessinsider.com/sai), Recode (www.recode.net) Start-ups: Crunchbase (www.crunchbase.com), Startup Digest (www.startupdigest.com), Breakout List (www.breakoutlist.com) Health Care: Fierce newsletters, SmartBrief (www.smartbrief.com) Consumer Products: Advertising Age (www.adage.com), Mobile Marketer (www.mobilemarketer.com) Media and Entertainment: The Hollywood Reporter (www.hollywoodreporter.com) Retail:  National Retail Federation (https://nrf.com/connect/newsletters), Women’s Wear Daily (www.wwd.com) Real Estate: Urban Land Institute (www.uli.org) Social Impact: EdSurge (www.edsurge.com), Global Impact Investing Network (https://thegiin.org/), Justmeans (www.justmeans.com) Finally, do not forget to track, organize, and synthesize your findings: Ask yourself, “What have I learned, and how will that inform my job search process and tactics?” Make a list of the qualifications that are required or desired for your target roles. Brainstorm examples of how you demonstrate those qualifications across your professional, educational, and personal experiences. Send follow-up thank-you notes to contacts with whom you spoke. Express appreciation for their guidance, and update them on how you have taken their advice. Take action! Update your resume and LinkedIn profile, take an online class, identify and talk with more contacts, seek new opportunities at work to build relevant skills for the future, and apply to jobs of interest to you. Have you been admitted to business school? If so, do you want to get a head start on defining your career goals? Do you need help preparing for job interviews or learning how to effectively network with your target employers? Or maybe you want to be a top performer in your current role but are unsure how to maximize your potential. Let an mbaMission Career Coach help via a free 30-minute consultation! Share ThisTweet Career Advice MBA Career News

The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo Analysis - 1744 Words

Surname 1 Author: Professor’s name: Course name: Date of Submission: The Portrayal of Women On the surface of the novel, â€Å"The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo† is a simple uncomplicated thriller, but at a deeper level, the novel is a complex and in-depth examination and analysis of the violent abuse against women in Sweden, particularly concentrating on the distorted and rather warped philosophies as well as the failure of the government that permit and accentuate such acts. More importantly, the novel plays the important role of the manner in which the society has allowed and accepted the many issues and challenges that women are subjected to by men. In the novel, Lisbeth Salander is used by the author to depict the challenges that women†¦show more content†¦However, one of the main issues and challenges existing in the play is that the revenge by Lisbeth is highly glorified and praised in a manner that manner that seems to highly support and promote tolerance and expectations for violent reactions and actions as a way of seeking retribution. The message th at the novel clearly depicts is that institutional powers demonstrated in the play can only be established within the deeply founded patriarchal ideals and that the only way this can be solved is by the victims taking the problems in their own hands. A more effective approach as demonstrated through removing the veil of oppression and expose domination in relationships and at the workplace. Lisbeth is demonstrated as an independent, defying the existing natural behaviors, characters and the ideals within the Swedish community. She is demonstrated as being significantly intelligent and demonstrates powerful aggressiveness. Apart from her character, her physical features and abilities also demonstrate contradictions to the conventional female being. She is demonstrated to have jet-black hair, and her eye brows are light such that it becomes rather difficult to distinguish them from her ghost-like white face. The decision of the author to demonstrate and depict her in this manner indicates of the author’s attempt toShow MoreRelatedThe Style Of David Fincher s Se7en1386 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate various aspects of the movie; including script, acting, art direction, cinematography, sound and editing, coupled with the author’s own opinion and factual evidence collected from the movie itself. The following table presents a detailed analysis of the film’s style, which links areas with approaches. Script (Expressive): Writer Andrew Kevin Walker drafted a script based on his personal representation of New York and his difficulty and misery that he experienced in the city. The scriptRead MoreSadie Hawkins Day and Valentine Grams18321 Words   |  74 Pagesby wholesalers to schools, hospitals and other institutions and its peanut products that are used by manufacturers in food such as granola bars, ice cream, candy and cereal,† according to Bloomberg.com. More laboratory testing and epidemiological analysis with the aid of the Center of Disease Control and Preventiom (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have traced the strain of Salmonella Typhimurium found back to the PCA, confirming contamination. However, traces of salmonella have alsoRead MorePaper on Food Adulteration8417 Words   |  34 PagesTable of Contents Title Page Number Introduction 1 Background 6 Research Questions 11 Hypothesis 12 Methodology 13 Data Presentation and Analysis 14 Summary of Research Findings 41 Conclusion 43 Works Cited 44 Appendix 46 Introduction For centuries, the beauty of Bengali women has been defined by their dark skin-tones, generous curves, sharp facial features and long, wavy hair. The traditional Bengali woman adorned herself with glass bangles, bindi, nupur and nose-pin and wore saris or moreRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagesbroke again. I don t know. Sometimes there were no spoons at home, and then she d come after me with a rolling pin. But then I got away, and I talked with Sanela about it. Sanela is my only full sibling. She s two years older. She s a tough girl, and she thought we should play some games with mom. Fuck, hitting us in the head! 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What Is a Hominin Reassessing our Ancient Family Tree

Over the last few years, the word hominin has crept into the public news stories about our human ancestors. This is not a misspelling for hominid; this reflects an evolutionary change in the understanding of what it means to be human. But it is admittedly confusing to scholars and students alike. Up until the 1980s, paleoanthropologists generally followed the taxonomic system developed by the 18th-century scientist Carl Linnaeus, when they spoke of the various species of humans. After Darwin, the family of Hominoids devised by scholars by the middle of the 20th century included two subfamilies: the subfamily of Hominids (humans and their ancestors) and that of Anthropoids (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans). Those subfamilies were based on morphological and behavioral similarities in the groups: thats what the data had to offer, comparing skeletal differences. But debates as to how closely related our ancient relatives were to us heated in paleontology and paleoanthropology: all scholars had to base those interpretations on was morphological variations. Ancient fossils, even if we had complete skeletons, were made up of myriad traits, often shared across species and genus. Which of those traits should be considered significant in determining relatedness of species: tooth enamel thickness or arm length? Skull shape or jaw alignment? Bipedal locomotion or tool use? New Data But all that changed when new data based on underlying chemical differences began to arrive from laboratories like the Max Planck Institutes in Germany. First, molecular studies in the late 20th century showed that shared morphology does not mean shared history. At the genetic level, humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas are more closely related to one another than we are to orangutans: in addition, humans, chimps and gorillas are all African apes; orangutans evolved in Asia. More recent mitochondrial and nuclear genetic studies have also supported a tripartite division of our family group as well: Gorilla; Pan and Homo; Pongo. So, the nomenclature for analysis of human evolution and our place in it had to change. Splitting Up the Family To better express our close relationship to the other African apes, scientists split the Hominoids into two subfamilies: Ponginae (orangutans) and Homininae (humans and their ancestors, and chimps and gorillas). But, we still need a way to discuss humans and their ancestors as a separate group, so researchers have proposed a further breakdown of the Homininae subfamily, to include Hominini (hominins or humans and their ancestors), Panini (pan or chimpanzees and bonobos), and Gorillini (gorillas). Roughly speaking, then--but not exactly--a Hominin is what we used to call a Hominid; a creature that paleoanthropologists have agreed is human or a human ancestor. Species in the Hominin bucket include all of the Homo species (Homo sapiens, H. ergaster, H. rudolfensis, includinging Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Flores), all of the Australopithecines (Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, A. boisei, etc.) and other ancient forms like Paranthropus and Ardipithecus. Hominoids Molecular and genomic (DNA) studies have been able to bring most scholars to consensus about many of the previous debates about living species and our closest relatives, but strong controversies still swirl around the placement of Late Miocene species, called hominoids, including ancient forms like Dyropithecus, Ankarapithecus, and Graecopithecus. What you can conclude at this point is that since humans are more closely related to Pan than gorillas, Homos and Pan probably had a joint ancestor who probably lived between 4 and 8 million years ago, during the late Miocene. We just havent met her yet. Family Hominidae The following table is adapted from Wood and Harrison (2011). Subfamily Tribe Genus Ponginae -- Pongo Hominiae Gorillini Gorilla Panini Pan Homo Australopithecus,Kenyanthropus,Paranthropus, Homo Incertae Sedis Ardipithecus,Orrorin,Sahelanthropus Family Hominidae Finally... Fossil skeletons of hominins and our ancestors are still being recovered around the world, and there is no doubt that new techniques of imaging and molecular analysis will continue to provide evidence, supporting or refuting these categories, and always teaching us more about the early stages of human evolution. Meet the Hominins Toumaà ¯ (Sahelanthropus tchadensis)Lucy (Australopithecus afarensisSelam (Australopithecus afarensis)Ardipithecus ramidusFlores man (Homo floresiensis Guides to Hominin Species AustralopithecusDenisovansNeanderthalsHomo erectus and Homo egaster Sources Agustà  J, Siria ASd, and Garcà ©s M. 2003. Explaining the end of the hominoid experiment in Europe. Journal of Human Evolution 45(2):145-153.Cameron DW. 1997. A revised systematic scheme for the Eurasian Miocene fossil Hominidae. Journal of Human Evolution 33(4):449-477.Cela-Conde CJ. 2001. Hominid Taxon and Systematics of the Hominoidea. In: Tobias PV, editor. .Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia: Colloquia in Human Biology and Palaeoanthropology Florence; Johannesburg: Firenze University Press; Witwatersrand University Press. p 271-279.Krause J, Fu Q, Good JM, Viola B, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, and Paabo S. 2010. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature 464(7290):894-897.Lieberman DE. 1998. Homology and hominid phylogeny: Problems and potential solutions. Evolutionary Anthropology 7(4):142-151.Strait DS, Grine FE, and Moniz MA. 1997. A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. Journal of Human Evolution 32(1):17-82 .Tobias PV. 1978. The earliest Transvaal members of the genus Homo with another look at some problems of hominid taxonomy and systematics. Zeitschrift fà ¼r Morphologie und Anthropologie 69(3):225-265.Underdown, Simon. How the word hominid evolved to include hominin. Nature 444, Nature, December 6, 2006.Wood, Bernard. The evolutionary context of the first hominins. Nature volume 470, Terry Harrison, Nature, February 16, 2011.

Aspects of Romanticism in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

The world around us holds so many different things. There is the natural beauty of nature, found in waterfalls, and forests, deserts and beaches, that help us to appreciate where we come from. There is the supernatural, almost the exact opposite, being something that we either envy and want or despise and fear, such as witches and vampires, superheroes and magic. Everything we feel as people, as individuals plays into what we want and how we act. All of these things are aspects of Romanticism, which we can see in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Nature has a soothing and healing affect. There is poison ivy which will irritate your skin, but growing near it in the surrounding area, is jewelweed, a natural cure for the itch. There is the†¦show more content†¦Once you are dead you have ended, there is no more. By creating new life, and in essence, playing God, Victor upsets the balance in the world which becomes a major hazard later on. The monster, who is created from vario us men or â€Å"raw materials† as Victor calls them, to soothe his conscience, is ghastly to look at due to the stitches and scars that cover his body. Who wouldn’t be afraid of something so hideous, â€Å"his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath† (56), standing above all humans, a towering 8 feet tall, and his strength is enormous, able to crush bones in seconds. The monster appears to learn quickly, able to master the art of speech over a few months, where it takes humans years to learn how to talk in full and complete sentences. Almost all of his attributes are increased to â€Å"super human† level, strength beyond normal, his height, his intelligence, and his capacity for emotion. He can love, he can hate, he can fear, and they are all taken to an extreme level. He falls in love, on a non romantic level, with Safie and Felix, wanting the best for them and caring for them, showing a very protective side, finding great j oy in bringing happiness to â€Å"his† family. After being run from the hovel the monster lives in the forest, his body better equipped to the harsh conditions and bitter temperatures, allowing him to live in the Arctic desert where Victor ultimately tracks him. Though the monster needsShow MoreRelatedRomanticism In Frankenstein Essay740 Words   |  3 Pages Mariah McCoy Dr.Bardot His-102 16 June 2017 Historical Relevance Within Frankenstein Imagine a world without Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution,and Romanticism. Mary Shelley uses these topics in her novel to expose the effects that each of these had on society. Frankenstein is a novel that was published in the early 1800’s and tells a story about a man by the name of Victor Frankenstein. Technology and critical thinking skills plays a huge role in the novel and real life.By analyzingRead MoreMary Shelley ´s Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus, an Analysis of the Subtitle1219 Words   |  5 Pages(Shelley 37). Ab initio Victor Frankenstein, the main protagonist, is being put on a level with Prometheus through the subtitle. An indication that Mary Shelley did indeed have the myth in mind as she wrote the novel, is not only her subtitle, but moreover the parallels between the Prometheus myth and Frankenstein, which are undeniable. The title itself gives a lot away of the story which follows. It links the modern world with the ancient Greek myth. Victor Frankenstein â€Å"steals† the secret of lifeRead MoreMary Shelley and Flannery OConnor: Gothic Isolationists1724 Words   |  7 Pages Gothic fiction is a genre of literature that combines fiction, horror and Romanticism with a particular focus on the mysterious and supernatural aspects. Gothic fiction originated in England during the latter half of the 18th century. This distinctive genre of literature soon developed into a 19th century phenomenon. The success of this dominant genre in England is frequently attributed to Mary Shelley. Despite its success during this time period, gothic fiction ceased to be a dominant genre byRead MoreMany Of The Main Ideas Behind The Literary Movement Of1603 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement of Romanticism can be seen in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Although the dark motifs of her most remembered work, Frankenstein may not seem to conform to the brighter tones and subjects of the poems of her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley, and their c ontemporaries and friends, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Mary Shelley was a contemporary of the romantic poets. 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A Case Analysis on Role Of Human Resource

Question: Prepare a Business Report that addresses the human resource issues raised in the case study as provided on the Moodle course site. Answer: Introduction: This report is an analysis of a given case study that is based on the strategic role of human resource within the organizational environment. The case study highlights upon the key issues related to the strategic human resource management depicted throughout the case scenario. It lays importance upon the need to develop a strategic as well as coordinated approach within any organizational environment for developing the most essential assets of any organization, its workforce(Bowen and Ostroff, 2004). The report provides important information about the various aspects of strategic human resource management and the roles that it has in the present business environment. Within the context of any organization the development of effective strategies is possible once organizational approaches for managing human resource are effectively understood by the firm. Various approaches which serve creation of particular strategies like developing capability of resources, higher performance, effect ive practices, higher commitment of management, etc. Human resource is considered to be one of the competitive advantages of any firm. Human resource management forms an integral part of the organization which deals with the welfare of both the organization and its employees (Chadwick, 2005). It basically coordinates the functions of al employees. In the context to human resource management, the changing situation of the competitive environment has led to the development of the concept of strategic human resource management. In the latest competitive environment, roles and responsibilities of the strategic human resource management have been increasing at a much wider pace(Bowen and Ostroff, 2004). Legal issues involved in Redundancy policy: The concept of redundancy as a human resource approach refers to a situation whereby the position of an employee is or will be becoming surplus towards the requirements of a business. As mentioned in the case study, the company Wordsmiths had acquired the book retailer Mainly Books, and this has raised the number of workforce and in turn exceeded the overall requirement of business (Campos e Cunha and Cunha, n.d.). There are excessive workforces and not all of them are equally productive to the organization. So, the CEO of Wordsmiths had a consultation with Gemma who is the human resource manager at the organization. It was decided upon to implement the redundancy policy. Commonly, redundancies are implemented for commercial reasons, and not due to any other causes like performance or capability issues. Any provisions of redundancy would be clearly stated in the Individual Employment Agreement or Collective Agreement on how a business would deal with the circumstance (Chadwick, 2005) . As referred to in the case study, the organization and its employers need to act in good faith that extends towards employers consulting with employees regarding the changes to organization such as how this would impact upon the workforce, informing the employees clearly about the selection criteria for redundancy, providing the employees with a reasonable notice period if chosen, and also advising them regarding any resource or assistance to be offered to redundant employees. Another important aspect the employer must take an account of is the impacts the redundancies upon the existing workforce. Since the process of downsizing might sometimes have adverse impact upon staff morale and productivity, it is important that the organization or its employers adopt a fair means to incorporate the process within the organization. If workforce within the mentioned organization bears a perceived idea that the employer does not treat the employees fairly in the process of redundancy, they w ould rather prefer moving on themselves since they would grow a belief that the organization would treat them the similar way during their turn. This would prove to be harmful for the organization in the long run. With reference to the given case study about Gemma, the Chief Executive Officer of Wordsmiths, Allan had suggested target individuals who are closer to retirement age while adopting the process of redundancy. This approach of Allan is quite justified and feasible since these are the individuals who have completed several successful years of employment and now at the verge of retirement. These individuals would not regret if few more years of their employment are cut off (Chen, 2009). Rather they would prefer taking a break after such a successful career. On the other hand, the younger generation of employees who are in the middle way of their career or have just started their career would prefer continuing with their services. And so, if the organization chose to redundant employees of the younger generation, then it would have created lot of buzz and resentment among the employees (Warner, 2013). So, the decision taken up by Allan was justified and feasible in terms of organizationa l approach. Human Resource Information System: As depicted in the case scenario, strategic human resource involves the implementation of human resource information management system. Basically this refers to the intersection of organizational human resources and that of information technology by means of human resource software(Warner, 2013). This concept permits all activities as well as processes of human resource to take place electronically. The CEO of the company Wordsmiths, Allan, had asked Gemma to configure the human resource information system for providing useful data regarding the workforce of the organization. In order to incorporate as desired, Gemma must lay effort in developing an effective system of information to maintain all confidential data nad information about the organizational workforce. The system must be developed and controlled in such a manner that the higher level authorities may extract and use the given set of information during the time of need. This human resource information system (HRIS) develop ed by Gemma would offer payroll, recruiting, benefits, training, and compliance solutions. Most of these would be flexibly designed as well as integrated databases, comprehensive attributes, effective reporting functions as well as analysis abilities which would be needed to manage the entire workforce. This system would provide Gemma with effective assistance. For an instance, an effective human resource information system would allow the organization to manage its employees by means of effective elements like HR and Payroll. Besides these essential software solutions, this human resource information system must offer various other options for helping the organizations to understand as well as utilize the collective skills, experiences, and talents of the employees(Warner, 2013). When Gemma would be implementing this system in the organization, it would enhance the process of communication and also prevent tedious paperwork by replacing it with easily-accessible and centralized loc ation for all policies of the organization, announcements, etc. Employee activities like time-off requests and W-4 form changes may be automated, thereby leading to fast approvals as well as less paperwork. Human Resource Planning: As referred to the given case study, it is evident that the organization Wordsmiths had immense of market reputation and recognition. The firm conducts its business in an effective manner and possess adequate market share in the country of Australia. Now, with the acquisition of another firm Mainly Books, the organization has rather increased its size and dimension, and with this it has taken up additional roles and responsibilities upon it (Chen, 2009). So, some changes are now required to be introduced in the process of human resource planning. The concept of strategic human resource planning links the management of human resource directly with the strategic planning the firm. Therefore, the company must incorporate the qualitative form of human resource planning (Collings and Mellahi, 2009). This type of planning process would ensure sufficient human resources for meeting the strategic goals as well as operational plans within the firm. It would enable it to assign the right kind of job to the right employee at the right time to bring about the desired positive outcome. The qualitative planning process would keep up the economic, social, technological, and legislative trends which effect upon the organizational human resources of Wordsmiths. This form of strategic human resource planning would enable the organization to predict the required needs of the HR management within the firm after thorough analysis of the present inventory of human resource, the availability of labor in the external market and also the environment where it would operate in(Wang, 2012). Qualitative form of human resource planning would be effective for this organization as it means after successful determination of number of employees in each department within the firm, it is necessary to determine the various types of jobs that would state the minimum qualification required by the hired employees. Quantitative nature of human resource planning includes forecasting of demand as well as supply. It refers to the perfect number of individuals while qualitative approach shows the right quality of workforce required at the firm (de Waal and Roobol, 2014). Generally three methods exist with the process of demand forecasting. Statistical approaches are the reliable means for long range employee forecasting. It includes regression analysis as a significant forecasting technique for estimating the requirements of the workforce depending on sales, output, etc, while both dependent as well as independent variables are related to each other. Managerial judgment is another impor tant aspect of demand forecasting (Townsend et al., 2011). When this organization uses the approach of qualitative method of human resource planning, it would enable managers to think and stay ahead by predicting successfully the actual requirements of the organization. Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing HR functions: The human resource department of an organization is solely responsible to conduct different functions. The department is responsible to oversee employee payroll as well as tax filing including that of employee benefits as well as health of an organization. This department is responsible to manage legal compliance, oversee training and development, and maintain files as well as records(Thompson, 2011). Often, due to greater dimension of responsibilities of the human resource department, it has been becoming excessively complex and comprehensive. This results in the business to outsource its major functions of human resource management. The concept of outsourcing human resource activities has its own advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Outsourcing: Some of the advantages that the mentioned firm may enjoy by outsourcing human resource activities are - 1. Managing risk With respect to the provided case scenario, outsourcing would enable the mentioned business to minimize all risks. By outsourcing, the firms would remain abreast on multiple federal as well as state employment laws. When outsourced, the staffs help businesses to comply with all changing laws for avoiding costly lawsuits (de Waal and Roobol, 2014). It would also enable the firm to maintain as well as audit various policies of the firm for ensuring the entire organization to stay updated. 2. Saving cost Outsourcing supports in reducing the maintenance cost. A completely functional human resource department requires separate office space with trained experts and human resource staffs. So, most of the small business firms prefer outsourcing all activities to external entities to meet the required objectives(Innes and Wiesner, 2012). This reduces all sorts of expenses considerably. 3. Efficiency Outsourcing HR activities would create increased efficiency in the overall system. Advanced technology used in the human resource management would support in streamline vital functions like payroll, compliance management, benefit administration, etc. Outsourcing therefore helps in preventing wastage of time in tedious paperwork. 4. Employee development The concept of outsourcing enables businesses to manage performance as well as development of employees. This enables periodic monitoring of performance as well as finding report for management (Janssens and Steyaert, 2009). This lessens the burden of the managers by reducing needless responsibilities. The managers may increasingly focus on the development of the workforce. Disadvantages of Outsourcing HR activities: Some of the disadvantages of the outsourcing that the mentioned firm may face are - 1. Poor performance Organizations often outsource activities for limiting costs. However, reduced costs leads to decreased quality of performance by the firm that serves the outsourced firms(Sheehan and Cooper, 2011). Any sort of poor performances in the work or human resource related activities may reduce the overall reputation and image of the firm. This also impacts negatively on the company recognition. 2. Distance This concept of outsourcing often leads to a sense of distance amidst that of the company and its employees. When HR department is inaccessible instantly, the workforce faces delays within communication, and makes employees feel frustrated. This reduces the morale of the workforce. 3. Recruitment problems Often that outsourced-employees lack the proper understanding of the organizational culture and practices internally. Since human resource department hire employees, this lack of understanding shifts to new employees who fail to fit within the organizational culture. Most importantly, the organizational success depends greatly upon the performance of organizational workforce (Janssens and Steyaert, 2009). 4. Information leaks Outsourcing human resources activities often results in communicating important and sensitive information of the company. The process of outsourcing often causes release of essential information to the other organization where outsourcing activities are bestowed upon. This increases the chances of information leaks. 5. Loss of control or Dependency Once human resource activities or functions are outsourced to external means, the organizational management or higher authority often relies upon the external means for getting their tasks done(Kaufman, 2001). This leads to loss of effective control upon the important activities, and they become increasingly dependent upon the external sources. As mentioned in the case scenario, Gemma is the chief human resource manager. She is at such a position where she is solely responsible for taking effective decisions at the given situation. In this situation, before hopping on to any final decision, it is important for her to understand the internal as well as external circumstances of the organization (Kramar, 2013). Since she has been assigned with one of the greatest responsibilities of the organization that is to seek for strategic human resource management within the firm, she is responsible for taking key decisions regarding the human resource management and functions at Wordsmiths. With the company Wordsmiths acquiring the book retail store Mainly Books, the overall dimension of activities and organizational functions have widened and the scopes of human resource department have increased greatly. With the acquisition of Mainly Books, the responsibilities of Wordsmiths have increased greatly, and so the human resource departm ent would have to put greater effort to maintain all activities and functions of the company. Gemma, who is the concerned human resource manager at Wordsmiths, needs to make important decisions like whether to take up all activities within the firm or to outsource human resource activities to external means. Although outsourcing has great number of advantages, it is not justified on behalf of Gemma to adopt such an approach (Lange, 2013). It is better for the mentioned organization to conduct all activities within the organization itself and not outsource those. This would ensure increased quality and effectiveness of the incorporated functions. Conclusions: As referred to in the case study, the organization and its employers need to act in good faith that extends towards employers consulting with employees regarding the changes to organization such as how this would impact upon the workforce, informing the employees clearly about the selection criteria for redundancy, providing the employees with a reasonable notice period if chosen, and also advising them regarding any resource or assistance to be offered to redundant employees (Lee Cooke, 2011). Another important aspect the employer must take an account of is the impacts the redundancies upon the existing workforce. Recommendations: Since the process of downsizing might sometimes have adverse impact upon staff morale and productivity, it is important that the organization or its employers adopt a fair means to incorporate the process within the organization. Qualitative form of human resource planning would be effective for this organization as it means after successful determination of number of employees in each department within the firm, it is necessary to determine the various types of jobs that would state the minimum qualification required by the hired employees (Mahoney, 2000). Quantitative nature of human resource planning includes forecasting of demand as well as supply. It refers to the perfect number of individuals while qualitative approach shows the right quality of workforce required at the firm. Although outsourcing has great number of advantages, it is not justified on behalf of Gemma to adopt such an approach. It is better for the mentioned organization to conduct all activities within the orga nization itself and not outsource those. This would ensure increased quality and effectiveness of the incorporated functions. References Bowen, D. and Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-Firm Performance Linkages: The Role of the "Strength" of the HRM System.The Academy of Management Review, 29(2), p.203. Campos e Cunha, R. and Cunha, M. (n.d.). Impact of Strategy, HRM Strength and HRM Bundles on Innovation Performance and Organizational Performance.SSRN Journal. Chadwick, C. (2005). The vital role of strategy in strategic human resource management education.Human Resource Management Review, 15(3), pp.200-213. Chen, C. (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performance: the mediating role of knowledge management capacity.Strategic Direction, 25(6). Collings, D. and Mellahi, K. (2009). Strategic talent management: A review and research agenda.Human Resource Management Review, 19(4), pp.304-313. de Waal, A. and Roobol, M. (2014). Applying evidence-based HRM: the case of bonuses in the home furnishing industry.Evidence-based HRM, 2(2), pp.192-208. Innes, P. and Wiesner, R. (2012). Beyond HRM intensity: Exploring intra-function HRM clusters in SMEs.Small Enterprise Research, 19(1), pp.32-51. Janssens, M. and Steyaert, C. (2009). HRM and Performance: A Plea for Reflexivity in HRM Studies.Journal of Management Studies, 46(1), pp.143-155. Kaufman, B. (2001). The theory and practice of strategic HRM and participative management.Human Resource Management Review, 11(4), pp.505-533. Kramar, R. (2013). Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), pp.1069-1089. Lange, T. (2013). Evidence based HRM: a scholarship perspective with a difference.Evidence-based HRM, 1(1), pp.4-15. Lee Cooke, F. (2011). Researching HRM in China: challenges and research directions.Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 2(1). Mahoney, J. (2000). Strategic Human Resource Management.Academy of Management Review, 25(3), pp.677-679. Sheehan, C. and Cooper, B. (2011). HRM outsourcing: the impact of organisational size and HRM strategic involvement.Personnel Review, 40(6), pp.742-760. Thompson, P. (2011). The trouble with HRM.Human Resource Management Journal, 21(4), pp.355-367. Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A., Allan, C. and Bamber, G. (2011). Mixed signals in HRM: the HRM role of hospital line managers1.Human Resource Management Journal, 22(3), pp.267-282. Wang, G. (2012). Indigenous Chinese HRM research: phenomena, methods, and challenges.Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 3(2), pp.88-99. Warner, M. (2013). Originality: challenges in Chinese HRM research.Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 4(2), pp.117-120.

Karma And Samsara Essays - Shabda, Reincarnation, Indian Philosophy

Karma And Samsara The belief in Karma and Samsara form the basis for the Hindu's religious worldview. It has been central to Hinduism for thousands of years, and as a result forms a major part in the philosophical thinking of many Hindu's today. The ideas of Karma and Samsara are evident in almost all of the great Hindu scriptures, being touched on in the Veda's, but first properly introduced in the Upanishads. When the idea of Samsara was first introduced it led to a quest for liberation through the practice of austerity or meditation or both. To be released form this life the Hindu's needed to wipe out the effects of their past actions or Karma. It is this set of beliefs that formed the background of many of Hindu's religious movements and beliefs. Karma is the belief according to which a person's future life is determined by past and present actions. Every action, bodily, intellectual or ethical, good or bad, big or small will have its effect. Nothing other than the effects of earlier actions has determined the present state of affairs and nothing other than the present actions will determine the future circumstances. The law of Karma allows no room for chance or divine intervention as everything is inevitably determined by it. The Brhardaranyaka Upanisad simply sates ?By good actions one becomes good, by bad actions one becomes bad?(4.4.5) (Koller 1982: 59). Intertwined with belief in Karma is the idea of Samsara, which is the cycle of repeated births and deaths that subjects an individual not merely to one death but to innumerable deaths (Koller 1982:9). Hindu's believe that as a person dies the Atman (the unconscious, immaterial part of a human) carries the results of their good and bad actions (Karma) into their next existence. This previous Karma will determine what sort of position a Hindu will occupy in their new existence, for example, if a person in a low caste has been very good in their past existence they will be born into a higher caste in their next life. The ideas of Karma and Samsara have justified the unequal Caste system, which has been an integral part of Indian society for hundreds of years. At the time of the Rig Veda (the earliest Hindu scriptures around 1000 B.C.E) (Smart 1989: 60) the key concepts of Karma and Samsara had not actually been stated. However, it does mention that a person's conduct in this world determines his life after death. The brahmins (the religious leaders) stressed the importance of the sacred act of sacrificing which was supposed to have a bearing on man's fate in the next world, and consequently the Satapatha Brahmana 11.1.8,6, states that ?the Sacrifice becomes the self of the sacrificer in the next world?(Stutley 1985: 23). So, even at this early stage of Hinduism, the idea of Karma played an important role in the Hindu's worldview. It was not until the Upanishads (the principal ones dating from 800-400B.C.E) (Smart 1989:49) that we first meet with the doctrines of Karma and Samsara. The Upanishads are concerned essentially with the meaning of the sacrificial rites, and come to the conclusion that knowledge in the ?true reality' is the key rather than expertise in rituals like the Rig Veda's were. In the process they introduce profound metaphysical and religious ideas, such as Karma and Samsara. The Chandogya Upanisad sums up the ideas of Karma and Samsara ?those who are of pleasant conduct here the prospect is indeed that they will enter a pleasant womb, either the womb of a Kshatriya or the womb of a Vaisya (high Indian Castes). But those who are of a striking conduct here the prospect is indeed, that, they will enter the womb of a dog, or the womb of a swine, or the womb of an outcast?(Lipner 1994: 45). The central concept in the Upanishads is that of Brahman. Brahman is the highest truth, the eternal being on which all other beings depend on. Brahman is the same as the atman, in other words, that ultimate being out there, is the same as that eternal something within you. The goal for many Hindus became at this time to gain Moksha (release from Samsara) which

Principal methods for healthcare research The WritePass Journal

Principal methods for healthcare research Introduction Principal methods for healthcare research IntroductionTheir Respective Research Design and philosophyThe Contrasting   Research HypothesizesApproaches to samplingData Collection Methods and Data analysisQuality of studiesCriteria to establish rigor in qualitative methods. Patton (2002) p.552-558Study:Jeppson et al (2003)Binge and Purge Processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative StudyMy interpretationQuestionDiscussionRelated Introduction Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder, which is characterised by repeated episodes of over eating and bingeing and by a set of   compensatory behaviours intended to cause weight loss which includes vomiting, purging, fasting and excessive exercise. The American Psychiatric society (A.P.A. DSM-IV, 2000) and the World Health Organisation ( World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: W.H.O., 1992),   both suggest the following diagnostic criteria for the disorder 1. A persistent preoccupation with eating and irresistible craving for food. 2 .Repeated episodes of binging/overeating in which large quantities /amounts of food are   consumed 3. Patients experiencing BN take excessive measures to compensate for the ‘fattening‘  Ã‚   effects of food e.g. vomiting, purging and fasting. The Beating Eating Disorder Association (BEAT). Formerly known as the Eating Disorders Association, a voluntary sector group in the UK., as provided figures that up to 1.15 million people in the UK, experience a significant problem with BN, and up to 90.000 people are receiving treatment at any one time. It is not therefore surprising that BN is a major and widespread   problem. Consequently a number of treatments have been developed and trialled, based on focused research, and developing an evidence base. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). Published guidance in 2004, (Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2004). Which recommends Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT) as an efficacious treatment as well as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) such as Fluoxetine. Research in this area is an important on a number of counts. Firstly, on clinical intervention grounds so that the treatment offered for the disorder can be expanded and improved and secondly given that the Disorder was only recognised in 1979 ( Russell, G.1979), and with a widespread epidemiology, sufferers experiences of t he disorder are important in clinical practice to deepen understanding of sufferers experiences.. The two papers presented here both focus on the condition from different perspectives and   ask different questions. The first paper is a qualitative study: Binge and purge Processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Investigation (Jeppson et al. 2003) using a grounded theory design focusing on the two core diagnostic behaviours of BN; binging and purging. They aimed to elucidate information on these processes and their function for Bulimic’s experience. The second paper is a comparative intervention study, following a quantitative research design a   form of Randomised Control Trial (RCT) Cognitive-Behavioural, Fluoxetine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short- and Long-term Results (Jacobi et al.2002). Both papers illustrate their design paradigms and contain a number of flaws, which will be discussed in relation to their respective research methods. Their Respective Research Design and philosophy Jeppson et al(2003), deployed a qualitative research design, which followed a grounded theory approach (Glaser Strauss,1967). Grounded theory was originally developed by these social researchers, before the approach ‘split’ into different camps, (Stebbins, R.A., 2001),   the approach essentially emphasizes the ’generation of theory’ from data that is acquired in the actual process of conducting the research. So rather than beginning with an hypothesis that needs to be tested   that is the hallmark of the experimental quantitative research design, grounded theory begins the research process with an aim for exploration. The quantitative paradigm illustrated by the Jacobi et al. (2002) paper, forms the basis of RCT’s and Therapy trials which are common in much of health care research, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and treatment approaches/interventions to Bulimia Nervosa.   At its philosophical ‘core’ is the notion of empiricism (Owen, F. Jones R, 1977), whereby quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships are observed and studied. Thus the process of measurement is crucial to the paradigm and this affords the connection between ‘empirical’ observations i.e did X effect Y and mathematics, through the expression of quantitative relationships As measurement is crucial to the quantitative paradigm, the choice of Randomised Comparison Study is entirely appropriate for the Jacobi investigation, as it wants to compare the treatment effects of three different conditions treating the disorder. Studies of this type are a form of scientific experiment, with RCT’s often referred to as the ‘gold standard’ for intervention studies (Cartwright, A. 2007). They are often used for ‘safety’ studies in drug trials and for testing the effectiveness   of clinical interventions and services The two research studies presented here, display different philosophical foundations, which shape their whole approach to research deign. The Contrasting   Research Hypothesizes Jeppson et al (2003), developed an aim for their qualitative study based on previous research they had encountered on the BN binge-purge process that is seen to be central to the disorder. The study was not concerned with assessing the ‘effects’ of interventions on binge and purge behaviour, but rather to try and understand what these behaviours meant and the functions they served for the patients they studied. They considered in previous research that quantitative methods, had focused on self-monitoring of these episodes and ranking them to ‘measure’ links to mental state e.g. Stress, and had deemed that it had not sufficiently led to an understanding of their function as experienced by BN patients themselves. They had an idea that these behaviours were crucial and played a part in assisting sufferers with their ‘emotional regulation’, but were curious and wished to expand an understanding of their role. They therefore set out with an ‘aim’ for the research to find out what BN patients experiences of these two processes and the meanings /function they served for them, I believe this ‘aim’ was entirely congruent with the qualitative method, and provided a question that RCTs looking at interventions had not and could not study. The Jacobi et al., paper(2002),   asked a different set of questions. They were interested in how CBT compared with the SSRI Fluoxetine, and a combination of them both .   They considered that both the psychological (Wilson, G.T., Fairburn, C.G., 1993) and pharmacological interventions (Goldstein et al.,1995) had developed an evidence base for treating BN. They designed an ambitious study to investigate the question of the relative short and long-term effectiveness of the three interventions. They questioned whether the combined approach would be more beneficial in the long-term, as previous research studies investigating a combination approach, had experienced high drop-out rates due to the side effects of the of the SSRI, which may have influenced their results. The study did not include a control or placebo condition, which would be the normal procedure for intervention type studies.The reason for this was that they considered   previous research had demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT and   Fluoxetine, and was not needed. The study had four aims: To compare the effectiveness of CBT, Fluoxetine and there combination, to compare the short and long-term effects of these treatments. To inquire about the possible ‘additive’ effect of combined intervention and to examine the differential effects of the treatments. These types of intervention question are suitable for a randomised study as the questions Jacobi and team are asking are essentially ones of intervention and differential effectiveness/measurement on a number of variables e.g. Binging and purging episodes, short and long term effects as ascertained by validated psychological questionnaires and clinical interview. Approaches to sampling It is generally considered that sample size is generally much smaller in qualitative studies than those recruited for quantitative studies such as RCT’s (Cresswell,J.W., 2003).   As qualitative studies are generally smaller in size, criticisms have been leveled at this paradigm. Although the paradigm does not seek to study the ‘total‘ population, issues surrounding diversity and variation within a population are often cited (Jones,2007). The Jeppson study used only eight participants The approach to sampling used in the study is important   as the process of selecting participants is relevant to the aims of the study.   They used purposeful sampling to generate the data for their enquiry. Purposeful sampling generally refers to the selection of participants who have experience or knowledge of the area under investigation (Procter et al, 2010) As all participants were selected with a specific diagnosis of BN (APA., DSM-IV,1994) they would all currently have experiences of the processes under investigation. They were recruited from a suburban area in Utah, USA., Descriptive information, including socio economic variation, inpatient and out patient status and educational information was given.  Ã‚   This form of sampling used in the study is not random or based on statistical probability as in quantitative studies. Sampling in quantitative research design, especially RCT’s, differs. This type of sampling is in essence the selection of of observable units, which can be measured (Maxim, P.S., 1999). As outlined in the introduction, BN is widespread in the UK (and other european countries). It is not possible in the Jacobi study to observe the effects of the treatment interventions with the whole population of people experiencing BN. Therefore quantitative studies tend to study a sample of the group or population which may represent the larger population. The study recruited its patents by a mixture of media advert and direct referral to the Department of Psychology at the University of Hamburg. All underwent telephone screening, by a clinician not involved in the study (to assess inclusion criteria) and a semi structured psychiatric interview,and physical examination As selecting people for therapy trials is   open to sampling errors, in that   some people selected,may be ‘exceptional’ or ‘different’ from those of the larger ‘Bulimic’ population.The method attempts minimize these possibilities, by careful inclusion/exclusion criteria and the random distribution of   the participants into one of the three treatment conditions[1] The size of sample for the Jacobi study is more important than the qualitative study, to gain meaningful results. Data Collection Methods and Data analysis The Jeppson et al study (2003) study, collected its data from interviewing eight participants who agreed to take part in the study, by using a semi-structured interview format, lasting one hour. The semi-structured format differs from a more limited ‘formalized’ set of questions, by nature of its flexibility. It allows for new questions to be added in response to what the interviewee says, inviting and generating further information, which the study utilised. The study used a ‘framework’ and ‘interview guide’, which is a collection or set of topics to guide the interview process (Lindlof Taylor, 2002). The paper, makes reference to this, but does not provide specific details of what constituted the ‘guide. To enhance validity, ‘member checks’ were conducted post interview, all participants received a 20 minute phone call, where findings were ‘shared’; allowing corrective feedback on accuracy. Transcripts were also read by three mental health professionals The study reported that ‘redundancy’ or theoretical saturation occurred between interview 5-7. Grounded theory employs this framework, so sampling frame   may be modified as a result of a process deemed, ‘constant comparison analysis’ i.e, that data is determined by its recurrence and re-evaluation to assist with the ‘theorizing   process’ of the area under investigation. The type of process involved in the   purposeful sampling used in Jeppsons study, accepts that it is impossible to identify ahead of time, all categories of emergent data that the researcher needs to review.   So its is purposely designed to pursue data collection categories to the point of concept or ‘data saturation’, which occurs when the data   is stable and the pattern(s) unlikely to change (Locke,2001). They found this occurred during the interviewers   5-7, and added 1 further interview according to protocol. (Lincoln Guba, 1985) Once   Jeppson collected the data, key points were assigned (or marked) to it, referred to as ‘codes’. Concepts and categories were then then worked out. The categories that emerged are seen within this methodology as the basis of theory generation for the study. This process as been referred to by Glaser and Strauss (1967) as the reverse emergence ‘hypothesis’.   Thus, it was considered that to gain information on the participants binge and purging behaviours it was best to ask them about their experiences so as generate theory from their responses, rather than to come to the study with a pre-determined hypothesis or theory which needed testing. As the researcher is part of the ‘research process’ and data collection, ‘reflexivity’, is a feature of the data collection process. This can be divided into ‘personal reflexivity’ and ‘epistemological reflexivity’. ‘Personal reflexivity’ involves the researcher being aware and examining their own values, experiences etc. and how this may have shaped the research. It also involves thinking about how the research may have affected and possibly changed people and researchers. ‘Epistemological reflexivity’ as such, asks   how the research question is defined and conducted and how it may of limited what was found? by asking   searching questions about the data and its findings (Willig,C. 2001). Jeppson notes, that he was ‘aware’ of himself and the potential influence on the study. Jacobi, collected its data by using a battery of   validated Psychological Measures to assess outcomes from the three intervention conditions.They were administered at pre and post treatment, and   at 3 months and one year follow up. Descriptive statistics[2] were given using the mean[3]   and standard deviation[4] of patients with regard to age, marital status, and   education. Frequency of binging and vomiting, onset of these behaviours , lowest BMI etc., no table provided. Data analysis was conducted by using a number of inferential statistical tests, to ‘measure’ and quantify a host of possible influences on the outcome results obtained form the measures of each condition. Individual one-way analyses of variance ( ANOVAs) were used to compare data, i.e., demographics, clinical variables:   frequency of binging etc pre and post.   The ANOVA technique involves measuring the variance of the group means and comparing that to the variance predicted if all groups were randomly sampled   from the same population i.e ANOVA, tests hypotheses about the mean(s) of a dependent variable(s) e.g frequency of binge eating across the different treatment groups, in relation to the independent variables i.e. group condition To analyze the differential effects of the 3 treatments is was originally proposed to use uni and multivariate analyses of covariance[5], e.g .to study the covariance of say mood state with frequency of purging across the treatment conditions, to see if the amount of change between two or more variable maps changes in another variable, an estimate of correlation.[6] Sample size, through attrition was assessed as to small to run theses tests, at one year follow up. The ANOVAs and MANOVA tests used in this study produce the F-statistic[7], which is used to calculate the P-value,[8] and significance. The choice of tests was appropriate[9], given 3 treatment conditions, and the comparative nature of the research question/hypotheses. A   intention to treat analysis, conducted for drop-outs was in line with the research protocol for this study design. Quality of studies The two papers have approached the subject of BN from different research designs. It is important when considering   research papers to assess their quality, in respect of their chosen methods. Jeppson’s paper, in a my opinion is a well designed study. The aim is suited to qualitative methodology. Assessing the quality of the study as proved challenging as its requires a different set of criteria, from quantitative research (table 1), And Patton (2002), outlines a series of considerations to establish rigor for qualitative research (table 2 ). The use of one interviewer, sample containing severe bulimics (Anorexia?), may have influenced the themes and results?   Also some ‘reporting issues‘   concerning method etc,, can   all factors effecting quality. Table1 . Critical evaluation of qualitative study Table 2. Criteria to establish rigor in qualitative studies Criteria to establish rigor in qualitative methods. Patton (2002) p.552-558 Study:Jeppson et al (2003) Binge and Purge Processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Study My interpretation (a)  Ã‚   Persistent observation(b)   Peer debriefing (c)  Ã‚   Progressive subjectivity (d)   Member checks (e)  Ã‚   Triangulation (f)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transferability (g)   Dependability (h)  Ã‚   Authenticity and fairness (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   confirmability Themes became redundant before last interview -observationStudy does not mention that this procedure occurred. Unclear in paper- could be implicit in methodology, not mentioned overtly Yes conducted Yes Makes case in conclusion for clinical enrichment and therapeutic alliance Process was of medium/high quality audit conducted Study was conducted and reported with ‘fairness’ to process Researcher is ‘aware’ of potential influence audit conducted The Jacobi research aims were entirely suited to the quantitative randomised trial it adopted   to look at the effect of the three treatment interventions and there effects in the short and long term . It, however, suffers from a number of serious flaws, undermining its validity and effects when assessed to by RCT quality criteria (Greenhalgh T.,2006). Firstly, the study fails to provide a power calculation. For to detect differences between   the   three intervention groups using randomisation, it is considered that the study should be ‘powered’ i.e contain enough patients to determine statistical accuracy. Normally 80% is considered the minimum standard of accuracy for clinical trails. (Ellis, Paul D, 2010), and leaves it open to type 2 errors.[10] This was not assisted by the attrition rate, especially at follow up. It contributed to the study being significantly ‘underpowered’, so much so that the results   at one year follow-up   being of   poor quality, the results could be dismissed[11] (Table 3 provides a critical evaluation) Table 3. Critical evaluation of quantitative study. Question Study: Jacobi et al. (2002) Cognitive-behavioural, Fluoxetine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short and long term results Does the study address the focussed question? Yes Were the patients randomly selected from a defined population? Patients were selected/recruited by advertisement and referral to the Psychology dept. Of Hamburg University. All had met the diagnostic criteria for BN. Was the assignment of patients to the intervention and control group randomised? There was no control group. Study compared effects of three different treatment conditions. Paper states they were randomised, but does not say how and by what method Were the participants and observers both blinded? Not stated though this difficult to achieve within psychotherapy trials Aside from the intervention were the groups treated equally? Yes Was a follow up completed Yes- at I year Did the study have adequate power to see an effect if there was one? No, there was no power calculation provided though this is common in psychotherapy intervention trials/studies. Very high attrition rate at follow up. Were all the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for? Full disclosure is given about the dropouts, calculations were made that suggest that the results at   follow up lack validity Were the results of the trial presented in a manner that allowed for full examination? No: adequate data was presented on tests MANOVA/ANOVA.   Ci’s not reported Secondly, the randomization procedure which gives the randomized controlled trial its strength. The investigators did not provide details of the randomization methods its used for the study[12], although this may be attributable to poor reporting, its is a significant emission (Jadad, 1998). The paper whilst providing a range of data, omits to report confidence intervals (CI)[13] for the three conditions and its results, and their were no   proposed effect sizes included the aims/hypotheses. Discussion Both studies addressed their research using different methods. Both were appropriate for the investigation, illustrating that methodology needs to be tailored to   the aim/hypotheses of the question under investigation. The Jeppson study was well designed, and managed to explore its research aim sufficiently, so some its findings had generalisability in treatment settings, and would benefit the CBT practitioner working with BN and aid ‘therapeutic alliance’ by taking into account its findings. By increasing understanding of how the processes have functions for the individual, well beyond the ‘behaviour’ itself. Jacobi’s study, although ambitious with a good design in principle, was seriously flawed. The under-powering of the study, the absence of good reporting on a number of methods and data, leave the study flawed. Its hypothesis and aims were suited to the methodology, but its sample size and attrition rate made   generalizability of the results difficult. It did provide some evidence (weak), that CBT is efficacious for the treatment of BN, which continues in clinical practice. Word Count:   3489 References   American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. Cartwright, N. (2007). Are RCTs the Gold Standard? Biosocieties(2): 11-20. Cresswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage. Daly, J., Lumley, J. (2002). Bias in Qualiative Research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(4): 299-230. Ellis, P. D. (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: An Introduction to Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis and the Interpretation of Research Results. Cambridge, C.U.P. Glaser, G. B., Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company. Goldstein, D. J., Olmsted, M., Thompson, V.L., Potvin, j.H., Rampey, A.H. (1995). Long term Fluoxitine treatment of bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry(166): 660-666. Greenhalgh, T. (2006). How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine. London., BMJ Publishing Group. Jacobi, C., Dahme, B. Dittmann, R. (2002). Cognitive-Behavioural, Fluoxitine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short- and Long-Term Results. European Eating Disordrs Review(10): 179-198. Jadad, A. R. (1998). Randomised controlled trials: a users guide. London, BMJ Books. Jeppson, J. E., Scott Rchards, P., Mac Hardman, R.K. Mac Granle, H. (2003). Binge and Purge processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Investigation. Eating Disorders(11): 115-128. Jones, R. (2007). Strength of evidence in qualitative research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology(60): 321-323. Lehman, A. K., Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquirey. London., Sage. Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B.C. (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage Publications Locke, K. (2001). Grounded Theory in Mangement Research. London, Sage Publications. Maxim, P. S. (1999). Quantitaitive research methods in the social sciences. oxford., Oxford University Press. NICE. (2004). Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. N. I. f. H. a. C. Excellence. Owen, F., Jones R, (1977). Statistics. London, Polytech Publishers. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research Evauation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage Publications. Procter, S., Allan, T., Lacey, A. (2010). Sampling. The Research process in Nursing. Eds Gerrish, Lacey, A. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell. Ragin, C. C. (1994). Contructing Social Research: TheUnity and Diversity of Method, Pine Forge Press. Russell, G. (1979). Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 9(3): 429-480. Stebbins, R. A. (2001). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA:, Sage Publications. W.H.O. (1992). International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: . Willig, C. (2008). Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. Maidenhead, Open University Press. Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C.G. (1993). Cognitive treatments for eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology(61): 261-269.

Billy should be prosecuted for the alleged assaults Essay

Billy should be prosecuted for the alleged assaults - Essay Example The crown prosecution service is controlled by the Director of Public Prosecutions, who is normally accountable to the Attorney General in Wales and England. The Attorney General, as a result, is normally answerable to Parliament for the service provided by the crown prosecution service1. The Crown Prosecution Service normally has the responsibility for taking criminal cases above the police investigatory level. The crown prosecution service normally direct the police on cases for conceivable prosecution, they evaluate cases submitted by the police; they decide any charges in minor cases; they organize cases for court and forward cases to court, both in the Crown and the Magistrates Court. The major role of the crown prosecution service is to examine the evidence collected by the police, and deliver guidance. After sufficient evidence is obtained, the crown prosecution service normally makes its decisions based on the evidence. They also decide whether a case should be followed or dr opped. In the occasion that the crown prosecution service is contented that there is sufficient evidence to arraign, they then prosecute either in the Magistrates Court. If the case is to be taken to the Crown Court, they order an independent advocate to arraign for them or, gradually, they may employ their advocates. Despite the fact that the Crown Prosecution Service operates with the police, it is autonomous of them, and except for exceptionally petty cases, the choice whether to arraign a case depends on the crown prosecution service2. The Crown Prosecution service is normally accountable for defining the charge in all, but minor cases, they also advice the police during the initial stages of an enquiry, they also study cases passed by the police for prosecution; the crown prosecution also have the responsibility of examining cases for court and handing over those cases at court. In each case studied, the prosecutor normally weighs, whether, there is enough evidence, and if ther e is sufficient evidence, the prosecutor determines whether the person needs to be prosecuted. Despite the fact that Crown Prosecutors interact closely with the police, they normally have a responsibility of serving the Crown Prosecution Service, which is an independent governmental organization3. The rules and principles relating to assault and the general principles of the crown prosecution service are as follows: the crown prosecution service normally has the responsibility of deciding, whether, to prosecute or give an individual involved in an assault an out-of-court clearance. The crown prosecution service normally have to ensure fair and effective trial is provided. This is normally necessary so as to maintain law and order. The crown prosecution service has the responsibility of ensuring that the right person is prosecuted. They also have the responsibility of ensuring the person is prosecuted for the right offence. This is necessary to ensure that such offenders are brought to justice. It also the role of the crown prosecution service to ensure that casework judgments are performed fairly, without any bias, and with integrity in order to bring justice for defendants, witnesses, victims and the public4. The crown prosecution service also have the responsibility of evaluating, advising the people involved, and prosecuting cases to ensure proper out-of-court disposal to the lawbreaker. The crown prosecution service should ensure that the law is applied properly; they should do this by ensuring

Media in a Democratic Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media in a Democratic Society - Essay Example For the people of a particular state, to participate in a democratic society, they need exchange of ideas and a better communication system. This system is known as "media". Media is tool of communication which includes people in an organization that sustain the distribution and production of messages to the public. Media falls into categories such as TV, movie, internet, books and newspapers. Freedom of speech is the main part of a democratic society. With a past shortage of media space and a huge amount of voices in our society directed to a lack of opportunity given to people who become a part of the media. People involved in media are believed to represent the society such as telling the public about the elected officials that will represent their roles. Though, it is more useful to represent organizations and communities rather than representing individuals. People involved in media are responsible to protect the public it represents. Continuous support of public and look to the media as an organization, the media should represent individual's welfare and inform them of issues regarding to the public itself. The knowledge, shared in our society is about both education and media. The role of media is to inform people about current issues same as like school's that are responsible to teach skills and long lasting knowledge. 3) Facilitating the Social UnityIn a large and complex society, media assist to distribute the culture by giving an experience of mass population. If a society wants to stay unified than the people init should have a familiar culture. The more people will feel anything alike in them, the greater the bond of the individuals will have to one another. Like this, however, there is a greater opportunity to make decisions for the similar purpose.The question arises that how media can perform such roles To perform the roles mentioned above, media should maintain particular standards. There are a lot of ways to sustain such standards. For example, according to the theory by a German scholar namely Jurgen Habermas, our society is divided into different cultures, aims and backgrounds. To represent these groups, media requires to present dissimilar perceptions. The best way to achieve such a perception is that the members from all backgrounds or groups should have an entry to contribute in medi a. The media is only valuable when it communicates to the public. There must be a universal access to media response. Financial, personal, social or any other factor should not present obstacles to media response. (1) However, independent media are fundamental components of a large and complex democratic society. It helps to check the balance that differentiates in such societies. If we look at corruption, it weakens a strong government. A lot of politicians are forced to resign due to corruption but at the same moment, media publishes the information that reaches to the ordinary public. For example, in 1974, President Richard Nixon was forced to resign due to the Watergate scandal. He was caught up by two journalists at Washington Post. Journalists can also